The article analyzes the influence of F.M. Dostoevsky’s works on the philosophical views of Jan Patochka – a Czech phenomenologist and a public figure of the 20th century. Another purpose of the article is to demonstrate the specifics of interpretation by the Czech thinker of Dostoevsky’s philosophical ideas. The author notes that the influence becomes especially noticeable in the late period of Patochka's work, when he turns to the works of Dostoevsky in the context of the political and existential themes of the philosophy of history. The focus pf his attention is on The Brothers Karamazov, Notes from the Underground, and The Dream of a Ridiculous Man. The Czech thinker interprets these works by correlating Dostoevsky’s ideas in them with the actual spiritual and sociopolitical situation of the time and by revealing their proximity to the ideas of I. Kant. The author thoroughly examines Patochka’s point that Dostoevsky, as well as Kant, is a philosopher of sence and concludes that it were Dostoevsky’s works where Patochka saw the answer to the question arising after Kant's discovery of moral theology: is a moral purpose capable of giving meaning to the world? To substantiate this conclusion, the author observes how Patochka interprets the consonance between Kant's philosophy and the novel The Brothers Karamazov, as well as Dostoevsky's "programmatic" work, Notes from the Underground.